Metformin (Glucophage) - Uses, Side Effects
GENERIC NAME(S) : Glucophage
COMMON BRAND(S) : Glucophage, Fortamet, Glumetza, Riomet, and Glucophage XR

Side Effects of Glucophage (Metformin)

Introduction to Metformin Side Effects

As one of the most prescribed medications for type 2 diabetes, metformin (Glucophage) is generally well-tolerated but can cause various side effects ranging from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to rare but serious complications. This guide provides a detailed, evidence-based analysis of all potential adverse effects, their mechanisms, risk factors, and clinical management strategies.

1. Common Side Effects (≥10% of patients)

Gastrointestinal Disturbances

Approximately 30% of patients experience GI symptoms, typically during treatment initiation or dose escalation:

Most Frequent GI Effects:

  • Diarrhea (25-30% of patients) - Caused by altered intestinal glucose metabolism and gut microbiota changes
  • Nausea/Vomiting (10-20%) - Often related to rapid dose titration
  • Abdominal discomfort (10-15%) - Includes cramping and bloating
  • Metallic taste (3-5%) - Less common but distinctive effect

Management Strategies for GI Effects:

  • Initiate therapy with 500mg once daily with evening meal
  • Gradually increase dose over 4-6 weeks
  • Switch to extended-release formulation if persistent
  • Ensure adequate hydration during diarrhea episodes

2. Serious Adverse Effects

Lactic Acidosis

Although rare (incidence 3-10 cases per 100,000 patient-years), lactic acidosis represents the most concerning potential complication:

Primary Risk Factors:

  • Renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min)
  • Acute illness with dehydration
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Concurrent use of nephrotoxic drugs

Clinical Presentation:

  • Unexplained hyperventilation or respiratory distress
  • Severe fatigue and muscle pain
  • Hypothermia
  • Hypotension with bradycardia

3. Long-Term Considerations

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Chronic metformin use (≥4 years) is associated with B12 deficiency in 10-30% of patients due to:

  • Interference with calcium-dependent B12 absorption
  • Altered gut microbiota affecting intrinsic factor

Monitoring Recommendations:

  • Annual B12 levels for patients on long-term therapy
  • Consider prophylactic supplementation in high-risk groups
  • Monitor for megaloblastic anemia and neuropathy

Clinical Takeaways

  • Most side effects are mild and transient
  • Proper dose titration minimizes GI intolerance
  • Regular monitoring prevents serious complications
  • Extended-release formulations improve tolerability